San Rafael de Velasco

History and Background
San Rafael de Velasco, the second oldest mission in the Chiquitania, was established in 1696 by the Jesuit Frs. Juan Bautista Zea and Francisco Hervás (each of whom later co-founded two other missions). It was settled as what was then anticipated as an eventual way stop along the road to other Jesuit missions further east in Paraguay. Hervás believed (incorrectly) that the lake nearby flowed into the Río Paraguay, possibly via its western tributary, the Río Pilcomayo. He planted a cross on its banks to record its location and notified the Provinicial Lauro Núñez, who promptly dispatched an expedition to examine Hervás' claim.

Several eminent Jesuits (including the seemingly omnipresent José de Arce, Zea, Miguel de Yegros, and of course Hervás) set out from Candelaria (in southern Paraguay), reached Asunción, and then began the upward river journey in search of San Rafael. They followed the Paraguay until what is now Corumbá in Brazil. There they turned left and followed a tributary to where they thought might be the mysterious lake that Hervás had plunged his cross into the previous year.They didn't find the cross or the lake. They were hundred of kilometres to the east of it. And so San Rafael never became the link to the Paraguay missions it was intended to be.

Translated once in 1701, almost completely destroyed by fire in 1719, sub-divided a few years later (the spun-off portion became the reducción of San Miguel de Velasco) and translated again in 1750, it soldiered on.

Exactly 202 years later, the Austrian Jesuit Fr. Felix Plattner arrived, took one look at the then-decaying church and vowed to try to save it from utter ruin. That unlikely start led to the arrival of Hans Roth (at that time also a Jesuit), and, well...that's a tale best left for the page on the Jesuit churches themselves.

San Rafael, at 315 miles (515 kms) from Santa Cruz (assuming one passes through Santa Ana first), has less than 3,000 inhabitants and shares many of the characteristics that nearby Santa Ana de Velasco and San Miguel possess: a timeless charm, tranquil lifestyle, fidelity to its Jesuit-inspired traditions, and - oh, yes - an absolutely mind-blowing church. San Rafael is roughly equidistant from both of these towns, and the last stop before the 88-mile (142-kilometre) trek south to San José de Chiquitos.

If you are going east or south from here, be sure to top off your tank at the town's only surtidor. It's a long way to the next one in either direction. Incidentally, when leaving San Miguel for San Rafael (the usual approach for those taking in the Jesuit Missions Circuit), be mindful of the fork in the road: a right turn will send you all the way to San José de Chiquitos without passing through San Rafael; staying straight will bring you to San Miguel via Santa Ana.

Dome of pulpit: Church of San Rafael

Where to Go
San Rafael doesn't possess much apart from its beautiful Schmid-built church, one of the more impressive of those in the mission towns. But then, with the church it has, it really doesn't need to. It was the first to be restored by the late Hans Roth, et al., starting in 1972. How that came about is explained elsewhere, but in sum, a visiting Jesuit, Fr. Felix Plattner, first came to San Rafael in 1957 and declared that, by God, at least one of the Chiquitos templos would be restored before it was too late. Fast forward 15 years: Inspired by the appeals of Fr. Schmid's descendants, given the go-ahead by his Jesuit superiors in Switzerland, and with initial funding from the government of Switzerland and several Austrian Catholic entities and individuals, Roth - who soon became a church restoration architect non pariel - and his colleagues did what almost everyone said could never be accomplished, and almost all of it with local labour and talent. (Ironically, the templo Roth so lovingly restored was actually the town's second church. The first was in ruins when Fr. Schmid took up the cause of building it anew in 1747.) They then replicated their work across six other Jesuit missions and Lord only knows how many other buildings as well.

The church bears some faint resemblance to that of Santa Ana in that both employ mica on their walls to refract the sunlight, giving the interior at times a glittering effect. It is unique amongst the restored Jesuit churches in that cane and wood were used by Roth and the others when roofing the structure. Several of the carvings are original, and the almost confrontational-looking wall angels in particular are not to be missed. It is conjectured that these same figures were believed by early natives to protect them against evil spirits who otherwise would enter through the church's somewhat porous walls and windows. Not exactly what the Jesuits wanted them to think....

What you won't see in the church (but you will in that of Santa Ana) is the organ that Schmid had built in Potosí and shipped to the mission. The idea caught on with the other reducciones, and to this day that of Santa Ana is intact and in working condition. (The others have long since disappeared.)

Don't mess with the angel

Like San Miguel, San Rafael also remains an active mission, and there is a convent and workshops within the church complex. Also as with San Miguel, it boasts a disproportionate number of artisans, and this is one of the best places to acquire carvings at prices even lower than those found in the other towns. The reputation of these craftsmen is growing, and it is possible that in the next few years tiny little San Rafael and its neighbour San Miguel may become the centres for the finest in Chiquitano art.

You could lob a call at the Gobierno Municipal San Rafael (962.4020 or 4022), conveniently located on the corner of the main plaza (Plaza 24 de Octubre), who definitely will know what is happening...if anything is. if you happen to be in town on its patronal feast (24 October), you'll have a rare opportunity to see traditional dances like the sarao and viejitos lanceros performed. These are indigenous to the far eastern reaches of the Chiquitania only, and are direct links to its distant Jesuit past.

Another link to that past is its music. As you might imagine, when the celebrated International American Renaissance and Baroque Music Festival "Misiones de Chiquitos" (held every other April, in even years) rolls into town, San Rafael comes alive. Looking for something more contemporary? You could take in the town's annual Christmas pageant, which truly must be seen to be believed.

Practicing for the annual church Christmas pageant

Not far from town are some prehistoric rock carvings and paintings in the Santa Mónica forest (which also has an enormous variety of flora and fauna - a perfect side trip if you can't take in one of Bolivia's many national parks). These aren't well known spots and you'll need someone to show you where they are, but it's worth a visit as they are found in a pristine environment. If you're into minerals and such, the locals still extract chalk and mica from the bizarrely named Serranía de San Diablo in the same area. Closer at hand, the nearby Pozo del Yeso also yields similar materials, which natives employ once a year in observing the time-honoured ritual of whitewashing their houses. (Santa Ana and even much larger San Ignacio de Velasco also retain this custom.)

A bit further south (6.2 miles, or 10 kms, out of town) are the hamlets of Santa Isabel and Santa Bárbara, which were amongst the first places to support Bolivia's independence movement. In 1815, in one of the great ironies in South American history, the future Bolivian independence leader Ignacio Warnes (made further ironic by the fact that Warnes was Argentine, not Bolivian), slaughtered about one thousand supposedly loyalist Chiquitano, who had been duped into fighting for the Spanish crown.

The history books note that Warnes defeated a contingent of "Spanish troops" outside of Santa Bárbara, a statement that is barely truthful, as almost every "soldier" was a Chiquitano. Those few who fell under Warnes' command (almost none of whom were native Bolivians) are considered amongst the first martyrs in the battle for independence, in an event Bolivian textbooks invariably refer to - if they bother to at all - as a "glorious battle for the armies of the Republic." The many hapless Chiquitano who died without ever understanding who really was pulling their strings are never mentioned. Although the massacre - it was hardly a battle - took place a full decade before Bolivia decided to cast off the Spanish yoke, that kind of reckoning is par for the course around these parts.

A final cultural note: San Rafael was the setting for San Rafael, Camba Town: Life in a Lowland Bolivian Peasant Community, a now-dated but very interesting account of the stay of one of the first Peace Corps volunteers in Bolivia. It's still good reading for those who wish to know more of the life of a typical Chiquitano family and town.

ArchwayChurch of San Rafael

Places to Shop in San Rafael
Note: San Rafael's artisan community is still getting its marketing act together, and the majority of the tallers about town you have to seek out. It is well worth the effort to do so, as there are some great finds if you have some time to hunt them down.

Places to Eat in San Rafael
The following establishments are listed alphabetically, not in any other particular order. Most hotels and other accommodations have their own restaurants. Room service is generally not offered, except in luxury-class establishments.

Only those restaurants that have either a (sometimes vague) street address and/or telephone number are included here. All towns in the region have additional eateries, especially in or near the market (ideal for travellers with cast-iron stomachs), but this list incorporates only those that one reasonably can expect to locate without trouble.

Places to Stay in San Rafael

When to Visit San Rafael

But Does San Rafael Have A...?

Ready to go now? For a downloadable street plan of San Rafael, click here.